E
43 Posts in this encyclopedia categoryEarth electrode
A conductor that is embedded in the earth and is in conductive contact with it. Or a conductor embedded in concrete that is in contact with the earth over a large area, such as a foundation earth electrode. (All information without guarantee)
Earth fault
An earth fault is an undesired conductive connection between, for example, an electrical system (appliance) and earth. Or between an earthed body as a result of e.g. damage to the insulation of a wire. (All information without guarantee)
Earth voltage
Voltage occurring when current flows through an earth electrode between this and the reference earth. (All data without guarantee)
Earthing contact, leading
The PE contact of a connector establishes contact first or is disconnected last and is labelled with protective conductor symbols. (All information without guarantee)
Elastic
Elastics are widely used for sheathing and insulating cables and wires due to their good electrical and mechanical properties. Elastics are high-molecular substances whose elasticity depends on the degree of cross-linking. The biggest difference between elastic and plastic material lies in the loading and unloading. Elastic material returns to its original shape after stress relief. (All data without guarantee)
Elastomers
Elastomers have a high degree of elasticity. They can be stretched by at least twice their original length by applying a small amount of force. Once the force has ceased, elastomers quickly and almost completely return to their original shape.
Electric field
When voltage is applied to cables, electric fields are formed which can take on different forms depending on the cable construction. In the low-voltage range up to approx. 1kV, electric fields have hardly any influence on the dimensions of the insulation wall thicknesses. To ensure operational safety, high demands are placed on the materials and dimensions in the high-voltage range. An electric field is represented by field lines. The density of these field lines shows the sizes of the force that prevails between the two points of a field line (voltage). (All data without guarantee)
Electrical conductivity - influence of alloy components
The influence of the foreign atoms disturbs the lattice structure. This causes a reduction in electrical conductivity. Even when alloying silver and copper - silver is the only metal with a higher electrical conductivity than copper - the electrical conductivity decreases due to the disruption in the lattice structure. (All data without guarantee)
Electrical conductivity - influence of forming
The lattice structures are "disturbed" by the forming process. This reduces the electrical conductivity but increases the strength. These lattice defects are reduced again during recrystallisation annealing. As a result, the electrical conductivity increases again. In return, the strength decreases again. (All information without guarantee)
Electrical conductor cross-section
Is determined by measuring the electrical resistance on the conductors. (All data without guarantee)
Electrical conductors
Cables, wires and busbars for the transmission of electrical energy. (All information without guarantee)
Electrical resistance
Electrical resistance is the resistance that a circuit presents to the passage of current. The resistance is measured and specified in ohms. (All data without guarantee)
Electricity
Form of energy based on the flow of free electrons. The electricity is generated in generators. (All information without guarantee)
Electrolytic copper
Electrolytic copper is copper obtained by electrolysis with a purity of at least 99.9%. See DEL (All data without guarantee)
Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC)
Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) refers to the ability of an apparatus, installation or system to operate satisfactorily in an electromagnetic environment. Without itself causing electromagnetic interference that would be unacceptable for all devices, installations or systems present in this environment. (All information without guarantee)
Electrostatic discharge
The abbreviation ESD stands for Electrostatic Discharge and refers to an electrostatic discharge. When bodies with different electrostatic potentials approach or come into contact with each other, an electrical charge is transferred. A well-known example of this is the discharge of a person who becomes charged while walking across a carpet and then discharges onto a metallic, earthed object - such as a metal railing. (All information without guarantee)
Elementary charge
The elementary charge is the smallest occurring electrical charge of the sizes 1.602x10-19 coulombs. It can be negative or positive. (All data without guarantee)
Energy guiding chain
Assembly of hinged support links for the directional, dynamic guidance of flexible energy cables of all kinds. Energy (supply) chains are usually applied with cables and wires in automation technology. They are used to guide wires and cables over usually longer predetermined distances without twisting or otherwise damaging them. Energy supply chains can move at relatively high speeds.
Environmental conditions
Generic term for environmental influences that affect the connectors: temperature, humidity, condensation, air pollution, etc. Accordingly, an environmentally resistant connector is protected against high humidity, excess temperature or contamination. (All data without guarantee)
Equalising line
Equalising cables are used in the field of temperature measurement with a thermocouple. (Thermocouples e.g.: Fe/CuNi iron constants (blue); NiCr/Ni nickel-chromium-nickel (green); PtRh/Pt platinum-rhodium-platinum (white). A thermocouple consists of two conductors made of different materials, between which an electrical voltage is generated depending on the temperature. An equalising cable now transmits this voltage from the thermocouple to a reference junction. There, the temperature at the measuring point can be assigned based on the voltage level.
Ethernet
Network transmission system that was developed and standardised by DED, Intel and Xerox and is characterised by the following components: baseband technology, CSMA/CD access method, variable packet length from 64 to 1518 bytes, transmission rate of 10 Mbit/s, logical bus topology, coaxial cable. The subsequent IEEE 802.3 standard has ensured integration into the ISO/OSI reference model since 1983 and extends the physical layer and transmission media to include repeaters and implementations based on fibre optics, broadband and twisted pair. The protocols of layers 3 and 4 are also frequently included. The term Ethernet is often used as a general term without distinguishing between the different transmission rates of 10 Mbit/s, 100 Mbit/s (-"Fast Ethernet), 1000 Mbit/s (Gigabit Ethernet). (All information without guarantee)
Ethernet package
Designation for an Ethernet data packet consisting of: Preamble (8 bytes), Destination Address (6 bytes), Source Address (6 bytes) o Length/Type (2 bytes), Data Field (64 to 1,518 bytes), Check Field (4 bytes) (All data without guarantee)
Ethylene propylene diene rubber (EPDM)
EPDM rubber is produced by copolymerisation of ethylene, propylene and a diene and can be crosslinked with sulphur or peroxides. Crosslinking with peroxides produces vulcanisates with improved compression set. EPDM has good oxygen, ozone and temperature resistance. The bondability of EPDM is greatly reduced due to its structure (ethylene, propylene). EPDM is characterised by above-average chemical resistance, but its resistance to mineral oil and grease is rather poor.
Ethylene Propylene Synthetic rubber
Very good electrical properties, good resistance to ozone and ageing, cold-resistant. Can be peroxide cross-linked (rubber-insulated cores and wires). (All data without guarantee)
Extraction force
Force required to pull a connected conductor out of the connection point. A key criterion for the quality of a screw connection is the extraction force. The extraction force depends on the conductor cross-section to be connected. (All data without guarantee)
Extrinsic losses
Extrinsic losses are the coupling attenuation of the radiated power caused by inadequate or faulty connections. (All data without guarantee)
Extruder
The extruder is a system in which continuously fed granulate is heated, compacted, mixed, platified and homogenised. A single-sided, overhung screw with one or more flights rotates in a closely measured tempered barrel (0.15-0.3 mm in size) and pushes the granulate towards the extrusion head. (Principle "meat grinder"). (All data without guarantee)